1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
|
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html lang="en" class="light sidebar-visible" dir="ltr">
<head>
<!-- Book generated using mdBook -->
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>UDP Transport (Experimental) - NNG Reference Manual (DRAFT)</title>
<!-- Custom HTML head -->
<meta name="description" content="">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff">
<link rel="icon" href="../favicon.svg">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../favicon.png">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/variables.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/general.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/chrome.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/print.css" media="print">
<!-- Fonts -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../FontAwesome/css/font-awesome.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../fonts/fonts.css">
<!-- Highlight.js Stylesheets -->
<link rel="stylesheet" id="highlight-css" href="../highlight.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="tomorrow-night-css" href="../tomorrow-night.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="ayu-highlight-css" href="../ayu-highlight.css">
<!-- Custom theme stylesheets -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../theme/pagetoc.css">
<!-- Provide site root and default themes to javascript -->
<script>
const path_to_root = "../";
const default_light_theme = "light";
const default_dark_theme = "navy";
window.path_to_searchindex_js = "../searchindex.js";
</script>
<!-- Start loading toc.js asap -->
<script src="../toc.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div id="mdbook-help-container">
<div id="mdbook-help-popup">
<h2 class="mdbook-help-title">Keyboard shortcuts</h2>
<div>
<p>Press <kbd>←</kbd> or <kbd>→</kbd> to navigate between chapters</p>
<p>Press <kbd>S</kbd> or <kbd>/</kbd> to search in the book</p>
<p>Press <kbd>?</kbd> to show this help</p>
<p>Press <kbd>Esc</kbd> to hide this help</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="body-container">
<!-- Work around some values being stored in localStorage wrapped in quotes -->
<script>
try {
let theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme');
let sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar');
if (theme.startsWith('"') && theme.endsWith('"')) {
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme.slice(1, theme.length - 1));
}
if (sidebar.startsWith('"') && sidebar.endsWith('"')) {
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', sidebar.slice(1, sidebar.length - 1));
}
} catch (e) { }
</script>
<!-- Set the theme before any content is loaded, prevents flash -->
<script>
const default_theme = window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches ? default_dark_theme : default_light_theme;
let theme;
try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch(e) { }
if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; }
const html = document.documentElement;
html.classList.remove('light')
html.classList.add(theme);
html.classList.add("js");
</script>
<input type="checkbox" id="sidebar-toggle-anchor" class="hidden">
<!-- Hide / unhide sidebar before it is displayed -->
<script>
let sidebar = null;
const sidebar_toggle = document.getElementById("sidebar-toggle-anchor");
if (document.body.clientWidth >= 1080) {
try { sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar'); } catch(e) { }
sidebar = sidebar || 'visible';
} else {
sidebar = 'hidden';
sidebar_toggle.checked = false;
}
if (sidebar === 'visible') {
sidebar_toggle.checked = true;
} else {
html.classList.remove('sidebar-visible');
}
</script>
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
<!-- populated by js -->
<mdbook-sidebar-scrollbox class="sidebar-scrollbox"></mdbook-sidebar-scrollbox>
<noscript>
<iframe class="sidebar-iframe-outer" src="../toc.html"></iframe>
</noscript>
<div id="sidebar-resize-handle" class="sidebar-resize-handle">
<div class="sidebar-resize-indicator"></div>
</div>
</nav>
<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
<div class="page">
<div id="menu-bar-hover-placeholder"></div>
<div id="menu-bar" class="menu-bar sticky">
<div class="left-buttons">
<label id="sidebar-toggle" class="icon-button" for="sidebar-toggle-anchor" title="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-label="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-controls="sidebar">
<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
</label>
<button id="theme-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Change theme" aria-label="Change theme" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="theme-list">
<i class="fa fa-paint-brush"></i>
</button>
<ul id="theme-list" class="theme-popup" aria-label="Themes" role="menu">
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="default_theme">Auto</button></li>
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="light">Light</button></li>
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="rust">Rust</button></li>
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="coal">Coal</button></li>
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="navy">Navy</button></li>
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="ayu">Ayu</button></li>
</ul>
<button id="search-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Search (`/`)" aria-label="Toggle Searchbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-keyshortcuts="/ s" aria-controls="searchbar">
<i class="fa fa-search"></i>
</button>
</div>
<h1 class="menu-title">NNG Reference Manual (DRAFT)</h1>
<div class="right-buttons">
<a href="../print.html" title="Print this book" aria-label="Print this book">
<i id="print-button" class="fa fa-print"></i>
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div id="search-wrapper" class="hidden">
<form id="searchbar-outer" class="searchbar-outer">
<div class="search-wrapper">
<input type="search" id="searchbar" name="searchbar" placeholder="Search this book ..." aria-controls="searchresults-outer" aria-describedby="searchresults-header">
<div class="spinner-wrapper">
<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i>
</div>
</div>
</form>
<div id="searchresults-outer" class="searchresults-outer hidden">
<div id="searchresults-header" class="searchresults-header"></div>
<ul id="searchresults">
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Apply ARIA attributes after the sidebar and the sidebar toggle button are added to the DOM -->
<script>
document.getElementById('sidebar-toggle').setAttribute('aria-expanded', sidebar === 'visible');
document.getElementById('sidebar').setAttribute('aria-hidden', sidebar !== 'visible');
Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a')).forEach(function(link) {
link.setAttribute('tabIndex', sidebar === 'visible' ? 0 : -1);
});
</script>
<div id="content" class="content">
<main>
<style>
.mdbook-alerts {
padding: 8px 16px;
margin-bottom: 16px;
border-left: 0.25em solid var(--mdbook-alerts-color);
}
.mdbook-alerts > *:first-child {
margin-top: 0;
}
.mdbook-alerts > *:last-child {
margin-bottom: 0;
}
.mdbook-alerts-title {
display: flex;
font-weight: 600;
align-items: center;
line-height: 1;
color: var(--mdbook-alerts-color);
text-transform: capitalize;
}
.mdbook-alerts-icon {
display: inline-block;
width: 1em;
height: 1em;
margin-right: 0.2em;
background-color: currentColor;
-webkit-mask: no-repeat center / 100%;
mask: no-repeat center / 100%;
-webkit-mask-image: var(--mdbook-alerts-icon);
mask-image: var(--mdbook-alerts-icon);
}
.mdbook-alerts-note {
--mdbook-alerts-color: rgb(9, 105, 218);
/* https://icon-sets.iconify.design/material-symbols/info-outline-rounded/ */
--mdbook-alerts-icon: url('data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns="http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"%3E%3Cpath fill="currentColor" d="M12 17q.425 0 .713-.288T13 16v-4q0-.425-.288-.712T12 11q-.425 0-.712.288T11 12v4q0 .425.288.713T12 17m0-8q.425 0 .713-.288T13 8q0-.425-.288-.712T12 7q-.425 0-.712.288T11 8q0 .425.288.713T12 9m0 13q-2.075 0-3.9-.788t-3.175-2.137q-1.35-1.35-2.137-3.175T2 12q0-2.075.788-3.9t2.137-3.175q1.35-1.35 3.175-2.137T12 2q2.075 0 3.9.788t3.175 2.137q1.35 1.35 2.138 3.175T22 12q0 2.075-.788 3.9t-2.137 3.175q-1.35 1.35-3.175 2.138T12 22m0-2q3.35 0 5.675-2.325T20 12q0-3.35-2.325-5.675T12 4Q8.65 4 6.325 6.325T4 12q0 3.35 2.325 5.675T12 20m0-8"%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E');
}
.mdbook-alerts-tip {
--mdbook-alerts-color: rgb(26, 127, 55);
/* https://icon-sets.iconify.design/material-symbols/lightbulb-outline-rounded/ */
--mdbook-alerts-icon: url('data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns="http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"%3E%3Cpath fill="currentColor" d="M12 22q-.825 0-1.412-.587T10 20h4q0 .825-.587 1.413T12 22m-3-3q-.425 0-.712-.288T8 18q0-.425.288-.712T9 17h6q.425 0 .713.288T16 18q0 .425-.288.713T15 19zm-.75-3q-1.725-1.025-2.738-2.75T4.5 9.5q0-3.125 2.188-5.312T12 2q3.125 0 5.313 2.188T19.5 9.5q0 2.025-1.012 3.75T15.75 16zm.6-2h6.3q1.125-.8 1.738-1.975T17.5 9.5q0-2.3-1.6-3.9T12 4Q9.7 4 8.1 5.6T6.5 9.5q0 1.35.613 2.525T8.85 14M12 14"%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E');
}
.mdbook-alerts-important {
--mdbook-alerts-color: rgb(130, 80, 223);
/* https://icon-sets.iconify.design/material-symbols/chat-info-outline-rounded/ */
--mdbook-alerts-icon: url('data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns="http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"%3E%3Cpath fill="currentColor" d="M12 7q.425 0 .713-.288T13 6q0-.425-.288-.712T12 5q-.425 0-.712.288T11 6q0 .425.288.713T12 7m0 8q.425 0 .713-.288T13 14v-4q0-.425-.288-.712T12 9q-.425 0-.712.288T11 10v4q0 .425.288.713T12 15m-6 3l-2.3 2.3q-.475.475-1.088.213T2 19.575V4q0-.825.588-1.412T4 2h16q.825 0 1.413.588T22 4v12q0 .825-.587 1.413T20 18zm-.85-2H20V4H4v13.125zM4 16V4z"%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E');
}
.mdbook-alerts-warning {
--mdbook-alerts-color: rgb(154, 103, 0);
/* https://icon-sets.iconify.design/material-symbols/warning-outline-rounded/ */
--mdbook-alerts-icon: url('data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns="http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"%3E%3Cpath fill="currentColor" d="M2.725 21q-.275 0-.5-.137t-.35-.363q-.125-.225-.137-.488t.137-.512l9.25-16q.15-.25.388-.375T12 3q.25 0 .488.125t.387.375l9.25 16q.15.25.138.513t-.138.487q-.125.225-.35.363t-.5.137zm1.725-2h15.1L12 6zM12 18q.425 0 .713-.288T13 17q0-.425-.288-.712T12 16q-.425 0-.712.288T11 17q0 .425.288.713T12 18m0-3q.425 0 .713-.288T13 14v-3q0-.425-.288-.712T12 10q-.425 0-.712.288T11 11v3q0 .425.288.713T12 15m0-2.5"%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E');
}
.mdbook-alerts-caution {
--mdbook-alerts-color: rgb(207, 34, 46);
/* https://icon-sets.iconify.design/material-symbols/brightness-alert-outline-rounded/ */
--mdbook-alerts-icon: url('data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns="http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"%3E%3Cpath fill="currentColor" d="M12 17q.425 0 .713-.288T13 16q0-.425-.288-.712T12 15q-.425 0-.712.288T11 16q0 .425.288.713T12 17m0-4q.425 0 .713-.288T13 12V8q0-.425-.288-.712T12 7q-.425 0-.712.288T11 8v4q0 .425.288.713T12 13m-3.35 7H6q-.825 0-1.412-.587T4 18v-2.65L2.075 13.4q-.275-.3-.425-.662T1.5 12q0-.375.15-.737t.425-.663L4 8.65V6q0-.825.588-1.412T6 4h2.65l1.95-1.925q.3-.275.663-.425T12 1.5q.375 0 .738.15t.662.425L15.35 4H18q.825 0 1.413.588T20 6v2.65l1.925 1.95q.275.3.425.663t.15.737q0 .375-.15.738t-.425.662L20 15.35V18q0 .825-.587 1.413T18 20h-2.65l-1.95 1.925q-.3.275-.662.425T12 22.5q-.375 0-.737-.15t-.663-.425zm.85-2l2.5 2.5l2.5-2.5H18v-3.5l2.5-2.5L18 9.5V6h-3.5L12 3.5L9.5 6H6v3.5L3.5 12L6 14.5V18zm2.5-6"%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E');
}
</style>
<h1 id="udp-transport-experimental"><a class="header" href="#udp-transport-experimental">UDP Transport (Experimental)</a></h1>
<h2 id="description"><a class="header" href="#description">Description</a></h2>
<p>The <a name="a001"></a><em>udp</em> transport supports communication between peers using <a name="a002"></a>UDP.</p>
<p>UDP is a very light-weight connection-less, unreliable, unordered delivery mechanism.</p>
<p>Both <a name="a003"></a>IPv4 and <a name="a004"></a>IPv6 are supported when the underlying platform also supports it.</p>
<p>This transport adds an ordering guarantee, so that messages will always be received in
the correct order. Messages that arrive out of order, or are duplicated, will be
dropped. There may be gaps in the messages received, so applications should not assume
that all messages sent will arrive.</p>
<div class="mdbook-alerts mdbook-alerts-note">
<p class="mdbook-alerts-title">
<span class="mdbook-alerts-icon"></span>
note
</p>
<p>This transport is <em>experimental</em>.</p>
</div>
<h2 id="url-format"><a class="header" href="#url-format">URL Format</a></h2>
<p>This transport uses URIs using the scheme <a name="a005"></a><code>udp://</code>, followed by
an IP address or hostname, followed by a colon and finally a
UDP <a name="a006"></a>port number.
For example, to contact port 8001 on the localhost either of the following URIs
could be used: <code>udp://127.0.0.1:8001</code> or <code>udp://localhost:8001</code>.</p>
<p>A URI may be restricted to IPv6 using the scheme <code>udp6://</code>, and may
be restricted to IPv4 using the scheme <code>udp4://</code>.</p>
<div class="mdbook-alerts mdbook-alerts-note">
<p class="mdbook-alerts-title">
<span class="mdbook-alerts-icon"></span>
note
</p>
<p>Specifying <code>udp6://</code> may not prevent IPv4 hosts from being used with
IPv4-in-IPv6 addresses, particularly when using a wildcard hostname with
listeners.
The details of this varies across operating systems.</p>
</div>
<div class="mdbook-alerts mdbook-alerts-tip">
<p class="mdbook-alerts-title">
<span class="mdbook-alerts-icon"></span>
tip
</p>
<p>We recommend using either numeric IP addresses, or names that are
specific to either IPv4 or IPv6 to prevent confusion and surprises.</p>
</div>
<p>When specifying IPv6 addresses, the address must be enclosed in
square brackets (<code>[]</code>) to avoid confusion with the final colon
separating the port.</p>
<p>For example, the same port 8001 on the IPv6 loopback address (<code>::1</code>) would
be specified as <code>udp://[::1]:8001</code>.</p>
<p>The special value of 0 (<a name="a007"></a><code>INADDR_ANY</code>)
can be used for a listener to indicate that it should listen on all
interfaces on the host.
A short-hand for this form is to omit the IP address entirely.
For example, the following two URIs are equivalent,
and could be used to listen to port 9999 on the host:</p>
<ol>
<li><code>udp://0.0.0.0:9999</code></li>
<li><code>udp://:9999</code></li>
</ol>
<h2 id="socket-address"><a class="header" href="#socket-address">Socket Address</a></h2>
<p>When using an <a href="../TODO.html"><code>nng_sockaddr</code></a> structure,
the actual structure is either of type
<a href="../TODO.html"><code>nng_sockaddr_in</code></a> (for IPv4) or
<a href="../TODO.html"><code>nng_sockaddr_in6</code></a> (for IPv6).</p>
<h2 id="transport-options"><a class="header" href="#transport-options">Transport Options</a></h2>
<p>The following transport options are supported by this transport,
where supported by the underlying platform.</p>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Option</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="../api/sock.html#NNG_OPT_LOCADDR"><code>NNG_OPT_LOCADDR</code></a></td><td><a href="../TODO.html"><code>nng_sockaddr</code></a></td><td>The locally bound address, will be either <a href="../TODO.html"><code>nng_sockaddr_in</code></a> or <a href="../TODO.html"><code>nng_sockaddr_in6</code></a>.</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="../api/sock.html#NNG_OPT_REMADDR"><code>NNG_OPT_REMADDR</code></a></td><td><a href="../TODO.html"><code>nng_sockaddr</code></a></td><td>The remote peer address, will be either <a href="../TODO.html"><code>nng_sockaddr_in</code></a> or <a href="../TODO.html"><code>nng_sockaddr_in6</code></a>. Only valid for <a href="../api/pipe.html">pipe</a> and <a href="../TODO.html">dialer</a> objects.</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="../api/sock.html#NNG_OPT_RECVMAXSZ"><code>NNG_OPT_RECVMAXSZ</code></a></td><td><code>size_t</code></td><td>Maximum size of incoming messages, will be limited to at most 65000.</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>NNG_OPT_UDP_COPY_MAX</code><a name="NNG_OPT_UDP_COPY_MAX"></a></td><td><code>size_t</code></td><td>Threshold above which received messages are “loaned” up, rather than a new message being allocated and copied into.</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>NNG_OPT_UDP_BOUND_PORT</code><a name="NNG_OPT_UDP_BOUND_PORT"></a></td><td><code>int</code></td><td>The locally bound UDP port number (1-65535), read-only for <a href="../TODO.html">listener</a> objects only.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<h2 id="maximum-message-size"><a class="header" href="#maximum-message-size">Maximum Message Size</a></h2>
<p>This transport maps each SP message to a single UDP packet.
In order to allow room for network headers, we thus limit the maximum
message size to 65000 bytes, minus the overhead for any SP protocol headers.</p>
<p>However, applications are <em>strongly</em> encouraged to only use this transport for
very much smaller messages, ideally those that will fit within a single network
packet without requiring fragmentation and reassembly.</p>
<p>For Ethernet without jumbo frames, this typically means an <a name="a008"></a>MTU of a little
less than 1500 bytes. (Specifically, 1452, which allows 28 bytes for IPv4 and UDP,
and 20 bytes for the this transport. Reduce by an additional 20 bytes for IPv6.)</p>
<p>Other link layers may have different MTUs, however IPv6 requires a minimum MTU of 1280,
which after deducting 48 bytes for IPv6 and UDP headers, and 20 bytes for our transport
header, leaves 1212 bytes for user data. If additional allowances are made for SP protocol
headers with a default TTL of 8 (resulting in 72 additional bytes for route information),
the final user accessible payload will be 1140 bytes. Thus this can be likely be viewed
as a safe maximum to employ for SP payload data across all transports.</p>
<p>The maximum message size is negotiated as part of establishing a peering relationship,
and oversize messages will be dropped by the sender before going to the network.</p>
<p>The maximum message size to receive can be configured with the <a href="../api/sock.html#NNG_OPT_RECVMAXSZ"><code>NNG_OPT_RECVMAXSZ</code></a> option.</p>
<h2 id="keep-alive"><a class="header" href="#keep-alive">Keep Alive</a></h2>
<p>This transports maintains a logical “connection” with each peer, to provide a rough
facsimile of a connection based semantic. This requires some resource on each peer.
In order to ensure that resources are reclaimed when a peer vanishes unexpectedly, a
keep-alive mechanism is implemented.</p>
<p>TODO: Document the tunables for this.</p>
<!-- NOTE: This assumes that any page referencing this is located
in a directory two levels down. Meaning ./api/somefile.md or
similar. mdbook cannot accommodate links that are called from
different levels in the hierarchy. -->
<!-- Symbol cross reference -->
<!-- HTTP -->
<!-- HTTP Status -->
<!-- TLS -->
<!-- Macros -->
<!-- Protocols -->
<!-- Transports -->
<!-- Concept index -->
</main>
<nav class="nav-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
<!-- Mobile navigation buttons -->
<a rel="prev" href="../tran/socket.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left">
<i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>
</a>
<a rel="next prefetch" href="../migrate/index.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i>
</a>
<div style="clear: both"></div>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
<nav class="nav-wide-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
<a rel="prev" href="../tran/socket.html" class="nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left">
<i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>
</a>
<a rel="next prefetch" href="../migrate/index.html" class="nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i>
</a>
</nav>
</div>
<script>
window.playground_copyable = true;
</script>
<script src="../elasticlunr.min.js"></script>
<script src="../mark.min.js"></script>
<script src="../searcher.js"></script>
<script src="../clipboard.min.js"></script>
<script src="../highlight.js"></script>
<script src="../book.js"></script>
<!-- Custom JS scripts -->
<script src="../theme/pagetoc.js"></script>
</div>
</body>
</html>
|
