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# Sockets
Sockets {{hi:socket}} in Scalability Protocols provide the handle for communication
between peers. Sockets also encapsulate protocol specific semantics, such as
filtering subscriptions, or automatically retrying requests.
## Socket Structure
```c
#define NNG_SOCKET_INITIALIZER // opaque value
typedef struct nng_socket_s nng_socket;
```
The {{i:`nng_socket`}} structure represents socket. This is a handle, and
the members of it are opaque. However, unlike a pointer, it is usually
passed by value.
A socket may be initialized statically with the `NNG_SOCKET_INITIALIZER` macro,
to ensure that it cannot be confused with a valid open socket.
## Socket Identity
```c
int nng_socket_id(nng_socket s);
int nng_socket_raw(nng_socket s, bool *raw);
int nng_socket_proto_id(nng_socket s, uint16_t *proto);
int nng_socket_peer_id(nng_socket s, uint16_t *proto);
int nng_socket_proto_name(nng_socket s, const char **name);
int nng_socket_peer_name(nng_socket s, const char **name);
```
These functions are used to provide fundamental information about the socket _s_.
Most applications will not need to use these functions.
The {{i:`nng_socket_id`}} function returns the numeric id, which will be a non-negative
value, associated with the socket. If the socket is uninitialized (has never been opened),
then the return value may be `-1`.
The {{i:`nng_socket_proto_id`}} and {{i:`nng_socket_peer_id`}} functions provide the 16-bit
protocol identifier for the socket's protocol, and of the protocol peers will use when
communicating with the socket.
The {{i:`nng_socket_proto_name`}} and {{i:`nng_socket_peer_name`}} functions provide the ASCII
names of the socket's protocol, and of the protocol peers of the socket use.
The value stored in _name_ is a fixed string located in program text, and must not be freed
or altered. It is guaranteed to remain valid while this library is present.
The {{i:`nng_socket_raw`}} function determines whether the socket is in
[raw mode][raw] or not, storing `true` in _raw_ if it is, or `false` if it is not.
## Examples
### Example 1: Initializing a Socket
```c
nng_socket s = NNG_SOCKET_INITIALIZER;
```
{{#include ../xref.md}}
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